Beer Market Essay Example for Free

Beer Market Essay The Market. How should one think about market definition in the U.S. beer industry? Is there a single â€Å"beer market,† or are there several markets? If there are two or more markets, how would you identify them? How does demand substitutability and/or supply substitutability affect market boundaries in the industry? How high is demand substitutability and supply substitutability across segments of the industry, and in particular across the different markets you have identified? We find two markets in the beer industry: Alcoholic beer market and Nonalcoholic beer market. The demand substitutability heavily affects the market boundary in the industry. People who cannot consume alcohol can never try alcoholic beer. On the other hand, people who can drink alcoholic beer generally do not like nonalcoholic beer because they want to enjoy drinking â€Å"alcohol†. It means that the demand substitutability between alcoholic beer and nonalcoholic beer is low. In the alcoholic beer market, the demand substitutability is high. There are difference of the taste between the products (lagers, ales and etc.), but we believe people can switch the product easily. There is price difference, but still the range is $3-$7 and people can try other products easily. I can imagine if lagers decreased the price by $2, people having ales would try lagers. People can get almost all types of beer in USA, so there is no geographical boundary. In terms of the supply substitutability, it does not affect the market boundary. All beer companies can produce any types of beer. If a beer company earned a lot of profit in the nonalcoholic beer market, others would jump in the market. There is no geographical boundary, neither. In summary, the demand substitutability and the supply substitutability are high, except for the demand substitutability between non-alcohol and alcohol. Large Firms. Anheuser-Busch and SAB-Miller/Coors use advertising as their main tool in fighting for market share. It has been argued that they advertise too much. (See â€Å"Beer: Price and Advertising Elasticities of Demand† in the reading package.) Do high levels of advertising make sense, or should they be scaled back? Should SAB-Miller/Coors rely more on pricing to compete with A-B? Why or why not? Spending a lot of expenses make sense in the beer industry. First, the demand substitutability is very high. Beer is relatively cheap though there is the $2-3 price difference. Beer has different tastes, but still it tastes beer. People can try another type of beer easily, seeing the advertisement. Second, the advertisement of beer can increase the pie of the demand. For example, if we was an advertisement of beer in summer, we just feel like drinking beer. An advertisement can not only get the customers of a competitor, but also can increase the pie of the demand. Finally, an advertisement is effective to make a long lasting brand. Branding and penetration in the market is important and the companies cannot build them in short-run. An advertisement helps the company to make the prestigious brand in long-run. 3. Antitrust Issues. Some economists opposed the Miller-Coors U.S. merger. They argued that it would create too much concentration in the industry, and lead to more market power and higher prices for consumers. Do you agree and think the merger should have been blocked by the DOJ? Why or why not? Explain briefly but clearly. [pic] According to Steven Newborn, an antitrust attorney with Weil Gotshal Manges in Washington, D.C. said, â€Å"Normally, a 30% market share would not create a problem, but when you have two companies controlling almost 80%, the government may think there is potential for anti-competitive effect.†1 Others have different opinion. I can see a price war breaking out if MillerCoors starts to gain share from Budweiser, says Roman Shuster, a research analyst in Chicago with Euromonitor International PLC. InBev is known to push back, and what they do will have a huge impact on the market.2 I believe the merger shouldn’t have been blocked by DOJ because of below two reasons: †¢ To avoid monopoly: If the merger is blocked by DOJ, then Anheuser-Busch may even capture more market share due to its cost advantages as the result of economies of scale. This may result in a monopoly. Merger gives MillerCoors more than 30% of the market share and a chance to fairly compete with Anheus er-Busch. †¢ Consumers may benefit customers due to price war: Joint venture of MillerCoors was expected to reduce the production and transportation cost of the company. Now both the companies can brew beers at the combined locations and save on transportation and other costs. When the operations merged then hundreds of employees may be laid-off which is expected to reduce employee-related costs.3 Reduced cost will enable MillerCoors to reduce price in the hope to gain market share. Consequent price decreases by Anheuser-Busch may start a price war which will benefit customers. 4. Small Firms. Craft brewing has been the fastest growing segment of the beer industry, but very few craft brewers have reached annual sales levels of 50,000 barrels or more. Magic Hat, however, has reached annual sales of over 150,000. Why has Magic Hat been relatively successful, and does it have the potential to keep growing? If you were to enter the craft brewing market next summer, what would be your sales objective over the following 5 years? What strategy would you use to achieve that objective? Key success factors of Magic Hat potential of growing: As Co-founder of Magic Hat, Alan Newman, says Magic Hat has gone from making kegs for a few Burlington bars to being the number 10 craft brand in the country4. Mainly there are two reasons for its success: †¢ Quality Product Delicious Taste: Magic Hat products are known for its uniquely delicious beers. They have understood taste of their customers. They provide quality product and respect their customer choices. †¢ Quirky Branding: Magic Hat is having a different way of advertising. Its webpage doesn’t ask whether you are 18 or above. But says – Splendor and glory are yours if you can answer one riddle: when were you born? They associate their product to Splendor and glory. Their commercials are equally quirky. Instead of showing people drinking beer and having fun, they show the brewing process and end the commercial by saying â€Å"A performance in every bottle†. Branding is very important to attract customers and their different way of advertising has given them a unique brand name. I believe that Magic Hat has the potential of growing further by focusing on innovation. In Magic Hats Vision and Values Statement, the company focusses on innovation, stating that †¦ideas cannot be limited by current perception. 4 They are expanding in new places and also in long-term markets. Sales Objective and Strategy: Currently total brewery market in U.S. is $27.6B. And it is expected to increase at the rate of 1.9% per year for the next five years to reach $30.3B. But much of this increase is expected to be in craft and premium beer segments. So I believe a growth target of 5% per year I reasonable. So starting at 50,000 barrels, my objective will be to at least increase sales by 5% per year. I will adopt below strategy to be competitive in the market: 1) Select geographic areas where it is appropriate and profitable to sell products. 2) Keep optimum debt level. 3) Establish a brand name by effective advertising and public relations. 4) By optimally utilizing capacity. 5) By controlling distribution arrangements so that they are optimal. By carefully planning links to wholesale stores, bars and nighclubs. 6) By achieving economies of Scale. If required, acquire or merge with another brewery. References 1http://www.beer-universe.com/beer-education-article/2012-07-06/Beer-Wars-Is-Big-Beer-Getting-Too-Big-/ 2http://www.stltoday.com/business/columns/lager-heads/price-war-coming-in-the -beer-industry/article_44619cea-1fb5-5d76-b55c-e7dcc0ee3722.html 3IBISWorld Industry Report 31212 Breweries in the US 4http://www.legalzoom.com/business-management/success-stories/microbreweries-found-macro-suc

Frosts Use of Simple Everday Subjects :: essays papers

Frosts Use of Simple Everday Subjects "Robert Frost is a poet of genius because he could so often make his subtleties inextricable from an apparent availability." Frost uses simple everyday subjects such as nature, man, and home to get his point across in his poetry. Robert Frost was born on March 26, 1874, in San Francisco California. His father, William Prescott Frost, was a journalist who worked for the Daily Evening Post in San Francisco. His mother, Isabelle Moodie Frost, came into the United State when she was 12 years old. Frost was born a year after his parents had gotten married. After Frost's father had died in 1885, he moved with his family to New England where he attended Lawrence High School. "Frost had published several poems in the school magazine and was named class poet." "He graduated in 1892, sharing valedictorian honors with Elinor White, to whom he became engaged." Frost then went onto Dartmouth College, he ended up dropping out of school after one semester. "He instead pursued a variety of jobs , including teaching at his mothers private school and working in a textile mill. In 1894 he published a few poems in The Independent and began corresponding with its literary editor." (Bloom p.12) In December 1895 he married Elinor. "In the early years of there marriage, Frost attended Harvard as a special student but withdrew in 1899 and took up poultry farming to support his growing family. The Frost's family life, often strained by emotional and financial anxieties, was marked by a series of tragedies. Their first child, Elliott, died of cholera at age three. Another child, Elinor Bettina, died two days after birth. Of the four children who lived to adulthood, Frost's daughter Marjorie died of childbed fever at age 29, and his son Carol committed suicide at age 39. Another daughter, Irma, had to be institutionalized for mental illness, as did Frost's sister Jeanie." Frost moved with his family in 1912 to England so he could focus more on his poetry and book publication. "A Boy's Will was published by the London firm of David Nutt and Company in 1913, and was reviewed favorably by American poet and critic Ezra Pound, a highly influential figure in modernist letters. Nutt published North of Boston a year later." As Frost was continuing to write poetry, he began to pursue what would be a life long career as a part-time college teacher.

Discuss Research Into the Nature of Relationships in Different Cultures Essay

Relationships Discuss research into the nature of relationships in different cultures. (9 marks + 16 marks) In Western Cultures, it has been found that relationships are voluntary, temporary and focus on the needs of the individual as due to the predominantly urban settings in which we live in, we are able to (on a daily basis) interact with a large number of people. Western cultures therefore appear to be characterised by a high degree of choice in personal relationships and a greater ‘pool’ of potential relationships. Non-western cultures however, have less choice about whom they interact with on a daily basis, meaning that interaction with strangers are rare and relationships are frequently tied to other factors, such as family or economic resources. In societies with reduced mobility, (predominantly non-western cultures) arranged marriages are common as love is expected to grow due to the fact that it is not seen as necessary for marriage. Arranged marriages seem to work well and make good sense as divorce rates are low and Epstein (2002) found that perhaps about half of them report that they have fallen in love with each other. Myers et al. , (2005) studied individuals in India living in arranged marriages and found no differences in marital satisfaction in comparison to individuals in non-arranged marriages in the US. This is also supported by Gupta and Singh (1982) who studied 100 degree-educated couples living in India, 50 of who had chosen their partners and 50 of who had their marriages arranged for them. The couples were asked to indicate how much they liked/loved their partners and it was found that love and liking was high in love marriages but decreased whereas love increased in arranged marriages and after 10 years exceeded love marriages. However, this study is difficult to generalise as it studies only a small sample and so cannot be generalised to the wider population. It therefore lacks validity. However, in some adapting cultures such as China, there has been a noticeable increase in ‘love matches’ as the Chinese are currently attempting to move away from traditional ‘arranged’ marriages. Instances in which parents dominate the process of partner choice in china have declined from 70% prior to 1949, to less than 10% in the 1990s. Xioahe and Whyte (1990) studied women in love marriages and found that they were more satisfied than those in arranged marriages. Western cultures are also seen as individualistic due to their focuses on individuals rather than groups, with individual happiness and pleasure seen as fundamentally important. On the other hand, non-western cultures are seen as collectivist cultures as people are encouraged to be interdependent rather than independent. Moghaddam et al. (1993) claim that the cultural attitudes of individualist cultures, are consistent with the formation of relationships that are based on freedom of choice, whereas collectivism leads to relationships that may have more to do with the concerns of family or group. Norms and rules act as guidelines for behaviour and influence how we act out any given relationship. One such norm that plays a key part in personal relationships is the norm of reciprocity. Ting-Toomey (1986) found that in individualist cultures, reciprocity in personal relationships tend to be voluntary. In collectivist cultures however, it is more obligatory. In such cultures, failure to return a favour is seen as a failure of one’s moral duty. In Japanese culture, for example, there are specific rules about gift-giving and reciprocating, whereas n such formal norms exist in Western cultures. Argyle et al. ’s cross-cultural comparison of relationship rules in different cultures did find support for some predictions but failed to support others. However, a problem with this research is that the list of rules was formulated in the UK and may have failed to include rules that are specific to a particular culture such as Japan. Research on cross-cultural differences in norms and rules is important to be able to conduct cross-cultural relationships successfully. Knowledge of the norms and rules underlying cross-cultural relationships is an important aspect of any attempt to understand and improve relations between different cultural groups within a host country. Finally, relationships are difficult to study scientifically. Laboratory experiments, through the manipulation of isolated variables, are seen as the most rigorous way of establishing cause and effect, and he best way of furthering our understanding of the processes involved in human relationships. However, as Hogg and Vaughan (2008) point out, people do bring their cultural ‘baggage’ into the laboratory. Although cultural background may be seen as a problematic extraneous variable to some researchers, it is clear that culture itself is an important variable that influences the relationship processes being studied.

The Progressive Movement Of American Society - 2848 Words

Question # 1 Intro 1) Background-The Progressive Movement was an effort to cure many of the ills of American society that had developed during the great spurt of industrial growth in the last quarter of the 19th century. Progressives were mostly middle-class citizens who saw corruption and wanted change in society. 2) Topic 1- The frontier had been tamed, great cities and businesses developed, and an overseas empire established, but not all citizens shared in the new wealth, prestige, and optimism. 3) Topic 2- A major push for change was the First Reform Era, occurred in the years before the Civil War and included efforts of social activists to reform working conditions and humanizes the treatment of mentally ill people and prisoners. 4) Thesis- In the view of progressives, they believed that American society was undergoing complete corruption. Because of this, they advocated women s suffrage and urged the Temperance Movement. 1st paragraph 1) 1st sub-topic- Progressives believed that the American society was ill due to unjust with the workers and farmers, in other words corruption. 2) Evidence 1- The Progressives saw early industrialists built mansions and live in luxury while millions of workers and farmers struggled to earn a living. 2- They also saw that private business was controlled by monopolies and trusts. 3- Progressives wanted better and fairer competition and they wanted every citizen to participate in the social unjust. 4-They wanted better workingShow MoreRelatedThe Successes of Progressive Era Reformers800 Words   |  4 PagesThe Successes of Progressive Era Reformers The Progressive movement was very influential in many ways to early twentieth century America. Businesses became safer, and much more respectful towards their employees. Society accepted moral changes, and became safer communities. The government was affected by the Progressive movement becoming much more democratic, and caring more for the needs of its people. The Progressive movement was successful in reforming American business, society and its governmentRead MoreThe Progressive Movement in the US Essay648 Words   |  3 PagesAbrams, he says the progressives mostly sought to introduce old moral beliefs on Americans by trying to integrate Immigrants by making them accept the ways of American life. But Abrams states those goals were ruined for important motives. One being the movement failed because of racism, which was widespread, throughout this time era. Abrams also considers the new scientific developments concerning culture and race affected the movement in a relevant manne r. Conversely, progressives thought differentlyRead MoreEssay on The Progressive Movement878 Words   |  4 PagesThe Progressive Movement (ca. 1890s-1910s) Even more energetic a sphere of historical controversy than that over the Populists is the historians argument over the Progressive movement. The Progressives were a heterogeneous collection of reformers. Active chiefly in the nations cities and the urban mass media (and in the legislatures of such states as Wisconsin and New York), the Progressives carried out efforts to reform American society and governance on all fronts. They numbered amongRead MoreEssay on A Progressive Movement1538 Words   |  7 PagesA Progressive Movement Much of a historian’s job is to read what their colleagues have written on their subject of interest at the moment. Often, they then go on to write their own opinions on the subject, thereby influencing the historians of the future. The famed historian and teacher Richard Hofstadter wrote The Age of Reform in 1955 about the late 19th century and early 20th century movement of Progressivism. In turn, other historians that include Paula Baker, Richard McCormick, andRead MoreWorld War I and the Progressive Movement822 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"World War I and the progressive movement† Through the course of American history, many great wars and battles have been fought but none have left a greater impact than World War I. World war I was known as the Great War, although America’s initial plan of action was to bring global peace. The tables unfortunately turned on them. The treaty of Versailles which was meant to be a conclusion to the madness, lead to an even greater bloodshed. The Great War span from 1914-1919, within thisRead MoreProgressive Reformers Essay example625 Words   |  3 Pages10/08/12 Progressive Reformers The Progressive movement has had a tremendous impact on society and preserving the doctrine of a democratic nation. The Progressive Era, which initiated between the years 1890 through 1920, was instituted because progressives who wanted to rid politics of corruption and inefficiency. Progressives wanted to curtail the power of the business trusts, and protect the general welfare of the public. The Progressive name derived from forward-thinking or progressive goalsRead MoreThe Revolution Of The United States865 Words   |  4 Pages From 1900 to 1920 a political group called the progressives demanded change and more government involvement after the gilded age where there barely was any action taken by the government. While the progressives were becoming more and more popular among politicians and people they brought reform and change to the United States. The progressives brought change through industries, social movements and the economy. The progressives, (as their name suggests) b rought progress to America that forever changedRead MoreUnited States Constitution and Progressive Movement775 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿What, in your opinion, were the key principles of the Progressive Movement? In your opinion, what were Progressivism’s most significant successes and failings? Can the First World War be regarded as a particularly Progressive conflict, or did it derail the Progressive Movement—or are both of these statements true? What, in your opinion, were the key principles of the Progressive Movement? Characteristics of the Progressive Era include refining of the government, rebuilding, a concentrationRead More The Populist and Progressive Movements Essay516 Words   |  3 PagesThe Populist and Progressive Movements The Populists and Progressive were form of movement that occurred during the outbreaks of the workers union after the civil war. The populists began during the late 1800s.The progressive began during the 1900s. There are many differences between these two movements, but yet these movements have many things that are similar. Farmers united to protect their interests, even creating a major political party. The party was called the peoples partyRead MoreThe Progressive And Gilded Age914 Words   |  4 PagesThe Progressive and Gilded Age in America The Progressives were a group of reformers such as writers, politicians, and Social welfare advocate, etc. living mainly in cities during the early 20th century and working to change legislative issues, financial aspects, and good society. They accepted that change could originate from inside of man, and along these lines, dismisses the believe of Social Darwinism and regular determination. They were in charge of the section of many laws, including restriction

Extraction Characterization and Dye Adsorption Ability of Chitin From Crab Shell Watste - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1594 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/18 Category Analytics Essay Level High school Tags: Characterization Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT Chitin is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide after cellulose and is present in the crustacean exoskeleton like crab, shrimp, insects and fungi. It is the main structural component of the exoskeletons of the animals like insects and crustaceans. Crab, shrimp, squilla and fish scale waste is ideal raw material for chitin production. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Extraction Characterization and Dye Adsorption Ability of Chitin From Crab Shell Watste" essay for you Create order The present work is aimed at extraction of chitin from crab shells. The methodology include acid hydrolysis, demineralization followed by deproteinization step. The chitin produced is analysed by FTIR based on the interpretation of the spectrogram of the two samples of chitin synthesized in the present work, it can be said that all functional groups expected are seen. The applications of the chitin are numerous but the study is focused on dye adsorption ability. INTRODUCTION The shell fish industry which is prominent in all costal countries generates about 60,000 to 80,000 tons of waste (Muzzarelli et al,1986). Even though the wastes are biodegradable, the dumping off large quantities makes degradation process slow resulting in accumulation of waste overtime which is a major environmental concern. A quick and effective solution to this is recycling of shell wastes and extraction of commercially viable substances like chitin from them. Chitin on its own has various applications. Chtin is a natural polysaccharide of major importance. This biopolymer is synthesized by enormous number of living organisms and it belongs to the most abundant natural polymers, after cellulose (Rinaudo et al,2006). Expelling of dyestuff into water resource system causes major threat to the environment. Adsorption is the cost effective and potential method to remove the dyes from the effluents. Effluents from various industries contain harmful coloring agents, which have to be removed to maintain the quality of the environment. Paper, fabric, leather and dyestuff production are some of the industries that release harmful effluents (Lin S, Lin Cet al,1993).The aim of the present study was to investigate the chitin adsorption capability on major industrial dye, Methylene Blue. MATERIALS AND METHOD Sample preparation- Crabs were collected from Dapodi fish market, Pune. Crabs inedible parts including head, body shells and tails were removed from the whole body for extraction of chitin. The crab shell were washed and air dried and used for extraction. Extraction of chitin- Crab shell waste Crab shell powder Demineralization Deproteination Extracted Chitin Figure 1.Flow chart of basic steps of Extraction of Chitin. Process I- 10 grams of sun dried crab shell waste was demineralized by adding 1.5 N HCl at room temperature for 1 hour. Acid was discarded and the shells were washed with distilled water until the pH is neutral. The shells were then de-proteinized with 0.5% NaOH at 100 °C for 30 minutes. Protein solution was removed and washed thoroughly with distilled water and the pH was checked. The de-proteinization process was again repeated, for that 3% NaOH was added to the sample at 100 °C for 30 minutes. After draining the residual proteins along with the effluents, the sample once again washed and the pH was observed till it was approximately near to neutral. Hence the chitin slurry was obtained. The excess water was removed. The alkali was drained off and washed thoroughly with distilled water until the pH is less than 7.5 and then dried at ambient temperature (30 ? ± 2? °C) Process II- 10 grams of crab shell waste were refluxed in 100ml of sodium hypochlorite (NaCLO)solution at 100oc for 10 minutes. The NaCLO solution was decanted and the powder was washed with distilled water. The above step was repeated once more. The sample was again refluxed in 50ml of 1M HCL at 75oC for 15 minutes. The solution was decanted and washed with distilled till it becomes neutral. The sample was then refluxed in 50ml of 1M NaoH(sodium hydroxide)solution at 100oC for 2 minutes to remove any protein residues. The solution was decanted and remaining sample was washed with distilled water till it becomes neutral. They were filtered off and placed in an oven at 60oC for a week. Characterization of Chitin Solubility Test Chitin dissolves completely in 1% Acetic Acid. For the estimation of chitin produced the sample was taken out of the storage and weighed . Then the sample was put inside a clean beaker and 10 to 20 ml of 1% acetic acid was added to it. The solution was kept in shaker for 30 to 40 minutes. Then the sample was taken out and weighed, carefully( Abhrajyoti Tarafdar et al,2013) FT-IR Spectroscopy: The samples were analysed by FT-IR spectroscopy in Istrumentation Centre Solapur university and the graph depicts wave number versus percent transmission. (Pandharipande S et al,2016) Dye adsorption by Chitin:Stock solution of the dye was prepared by taking 10mg of methylene blue powder and adding it to 1000ml of distilled water( Paula Szymczyk et al,2015).The pH of the dye solutions was adjusted using 1 N NaOH or 1 HCl.About 1g of extracted Chitin(adsorbent) was added to 100mL of dye solutions(adsorbate). A control was also maintained without addition of chitin. At specific time intervals, aliquots of 2-3 ml suspension were filtered and used to evaluate the adsorption of dye.The absorbance spectrum of the supernatant was subsequently measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Concentration of dye adsorption was calculated by the absorbance value at 668nm. Percentage of dye adsorption was estimated by the following formula: % adsorption = 100 — [(CO â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢C)/ C0] Where: C0 is the initial concentration of dye solution and C is the concentration of dye solution after Adsorption( S. Dhananasekaran et al,2015). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Extraction of chitin from crab requires harsh chemical treatments. The crab shells even though contains majority of chitin, also has proteins and minerals. Proteins are removed by deproteinization and carbon and other salts are removed by demineralization( Badawy et al,2011). Process I â€Å" Solubility test for sample 1 Initial weight of chitin was measured to be 0.40 gram. Final weight of chitin after reaction with 1% acetic acid was measured to be 0.22 grams and hence the total dissolved weight of chitin was calculated to be 0.18 grams. Proecss II Solubility test for sample 2 Initial weight of chitin produced was measured to be 0.40 grams .Final weight of shells after reaction with 1% acetic acid was measured to be 0.20 grams and hence the total dissolved weight of chitin was calculated to be 0.20 grams. Therefore, it was observed that chitin produced employing Process II was more readily soluble in 1% acetic acid solution then that produced through Process I. FTIR Analysis- The interpretation of FTIR analysis of the samples is done for the possible presence of functional groups and the details are given in Table 1(Dhananasekaran S et al,2016) Table 1 Sr.no Standard chitin wavelength in cm-1 Crab chitin wavelength in cm-1 Groups Sample-1 Sample-2 1. 3300-3250 3373 3278 N-H 2. 2891 2952 2920,2826 C-H 3. 1680-1660 1653 1647 C=O 4. 1560-1530 1560 1568 Amide 5. 1072 1017 1024,1094 C-0-C 6. 952 952 901 Amide III 7. 750-650 667,625 685,617 N-H The FT-IR spectra of chitin isolate from crab shell are given in Figure 2 and 3 Theoreitically,? ±-chitin is characterized by three characteristic amide bands appearing at 1650,1620, and 1550 cm-1.In this study we observed FTIR bands at 1653 cm-1 and 1560 cm-1 for chitin sample 1 in figure 2.Here peak at 1653 cm-1 corresponds to symmetrical deformation to vibration of amide I band stretching C=O and 1560 cm-1 Coressponds to N-H deformation of amide II(Muhammed, R., et al,2010) FIG 2: FT-IR spectra of chitin (Sample 1) FIG 3: FT-IR spectra of chitin(Sample2) In sample 2,Figure 3 the peaks are observed at 1647 cm-1 and 1568 cm-1 which corresponds to symmetrical deformation to vibration of amide I band stretching C=O and N-H deformation of amide II respectively. From interpretation of FT IR it can be said that all functional groups which are during synthesis have been identified in the form of peaks that include amide,carbonyl and hydroxyl groups.This indicates the successive formation of chitin biopolymer(Muhammed, R., et al) Dye adsorption by Extracted Chitin Graph 1:Effect of pH on removal of dye Graph 2:Effect of contact time on removal of dye Graph 1 shows the relationship between pH values and percentage removal of dye .The readings were taken having varying pH between 4-9 and between intervals of 30 minutes. A result shows that the effectiveness of dye adsorption onto chitin was decreasing along with the increasing pH value. Here, the effect of dye adsorption is found maximum at pH7 i.e the neutral. The dye removal percentage with contact time between dye and extracted chitin is shown in Graph 2. The range of observed contact time was 30 -180 minutes with the increment of 30 minutes. It is observed that with increase in incubation time the effectiveness of dye adsorption by chitin increases. The % removal was found to be maximum at 180 minutes at pH 7 such as after 3 hours compared to initial readings. The % removal was found to be 39% after 180 minutes. CONCLUSION Chitin is one of the most abundant biopolymers in nature and is a major component in the supporting tissues of organisms such as crustaceans, fungi, and insects. It has wide application in various fields. This study shows the production of chitin from crab shell. The FTIR and chemical characterization studies confirm the production of chitin. In this study removal of dyes by adsorption using crab shell(chitin) was investigated. This study monitored the ability of chitin for removing dyes from aqueous solutions. Interaction between the chitin and dye were found to be strongly dependent on pH of the solution. The maximum percentage of dyes reduction was obtained at an optimum contact time 180 minutes and optimum pH of 7.Crab shell chitin has been found to be comparatively better adsorbent because it can remove almost 39 % of dyes within 3 hours. Finally, the result of adsorption study, it is concluded that chitin can be used as a coagulant of dyes because of its higher adsorptive capac ity, cost effectiveness, environment friendly behavior and availability in nature.

Similarities Between The Odyssey and The Aeneid - 824 Words

The Odyssey and Aeneid Long ago, there were two powerful nations located in southern Europe. First there were the Greeks, this nation was known for the first practice of democracy. Other than democracy, during the Greeks era there was a man by the name Homer who wrote a story called The Odyssey about a great legendary hero named Odysseus. After the Greeks, then came the Romans who ruled Greece for centuries. The Romans during their time were known to have practiced and used many of the Greeks cultures and theories. There was a Roman named Virgil who wrote about the beginning of the Romans. He created a story called The Aeneid; this story was about a Trojan who escaped a losing war to find a new home and peace. Even though these two stories may be hard to understand, Homer and Virgil are making statements about their nation after the Trojan War, because Odysseus was a legendary Greek king and Aeneas of Troy was known to be a beginning of the Romans. Homer and Virgil had used character s from the Trojan War as heroes. Homer used Odysseus as the protagonist, while Virgil chose Aeneas as his main character. Both these two were similar because they both symbolize a great hero for their nation. Odysseus was known as a heroic Greek king who helped defeat the Troy. His wooden horse idea was the only reason the Greeks overcame the favored Trojans. Aeneas was a hero as well, but was known more by the Romans. After Troy fell, Aeneas was looking for a new home and peace. He was aShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between The Underworld Of Homer s Odyssey And That Of Virgil s Aeneid1485 Words   |  6 Pagesresemblance between the Underworld of Homer s Odyssey and that of Virgil s Aeneid reveals, upon closer examination, several important differences; these adaptations and corrections by Virgil of the Homeric vision lend credence to the Bloomian concept of influence, and show the many-faceted reactions of Virgil to the burden of his eminent precursor. In addition, they provide th e reader of the poems with a fascinating basis for comparison, not only between the two poets, but between their charactersRead MoreComparative Analysis of the Aeneid, Odyssey, and Iliad Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesComparative Analysis of the Aeneid, Odyssey, and Iliad The Iliad and the Odyssey are two of the best Greek epics written by Homer. Despite their popularity, almost nothing is known about the author beyond the existence of his masterpieces. Surprisingly enough no concrete evidence of his existence is available; not even to confirm the same person created the two works. The authorship of the Iliad and the Odyssey were debated even in the times of the ancient Greeks. Many scholars have arguedRead MoreThe Aeneid And The Odyssey1547 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' The Aeneid and The Odyssey The Aeneid and The Odyssey are two of the most famous poems written in their time. While there are other poems that are also notable, these two poems are well known for showing strong battles between mythical creatures and strong heroes. Homer and Virgil have written incredible poems that have stood the test of time. The depth of their vision was beyond their time and is still used around the world thousands of years later to show honest, loyal, strong heroes. The AeneidRead MoreComparing The Underworld Of Homer And Virgil1744 Words   |  7 PagesThe Differing Views of the Underworld of Homer and Virgil In both Homer’s Odyssey and Virgil’s Aeneid, the heroes make the dauntless adventure into the underworld. Both of theses visits occur around the middle of the stories, and they bring information about the lives of heroes loved ones. The heroes also get very important information from these loved ones; information that they require to continue on their journeys. However these are not the only things that are similar about the heroes visitsRead MoreOdysseus And Aeneas Similarities922 Words   |  4 Pages2017 The Differences and Similarities between Odysseus and Aeneas â€Å"Sing in me, Muse, and through me tell the story of that man †¦ the wanderer (Lawall and Mack 225). This is from the first stanza of book one of The Odyssey by Homer; it is an epic Greek poem written in the eighth century B.C. Hundreds of years later, Virgil wrote The Aeneid, the Roman epic, around 19 B.C. It was inspired by Homer’s works. This is easy to see not only in writing style, but by the similarities of the two main charactersRead MoreHomer s Odyssey : The Epic Hero999 Words   |  4 PagesWritten many years after, the Aeneid likewise depicts an epic hero, Aeneas, that also completes a long journey and has closely related aspects to the story of the Odyssey. Virgil’s Aeneid imitates various crucial aspects of Homer’s Odyssey, including: the main protagonist passing through comparable sexual temptations, a similar relationship with the gods, and an analogous end to their enemies by their own hand. However, while the epic stories contain many similarities, Virgil starkly contrasts Aeneas’Read MoreThe Underworld and How It Reflects the Goals and Realities of Virgil and Homer1588 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat civilizations depict their authors varying views of the Underworld: The Odyssey and The Aeneid. The Greek poet Homer describes the hardships of Odysseus and his struggle to return home to his beloved wife and family after the Trojan War in The Odyssey. The Roman poet Virgil composed The Aeneid for the first emperor of the Roman Empire, Caesar Augustus, in order to rebuild Rome after the civil war had ended. The Aeneid portrays a demigod, Aeneas, whose mission is to create a grand city that willRead MoreThe Aeneid, The Hero Aeneas Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesVirgil’s â€Å"Aeneid†, the hero Aeneas, a Trojan who traveled to Italy, is faced with a series of challenges. To overcome these challenges, Aeneas seeks help from the gods as he tries to make his way back home. In Homer’s â€Å"The O dyssey†, the hero Odysseus spends ten years trying to return to his homeland, Ithaca. Both heroes face similar challenges that they need to overcome in order to accomplish their goals. The Odyssey has two characters that hinder the hero’s journey; Calypso and Circe. The Aeneid has theRead More Descent to the Underworld in the Aeneid by Virgil and the Odyssey by Homer1534 Words   |  7 Pages Descent to the Underworld in the Aeneid and the Odyssey I chose to compare the Odyssey written by the Greek poet Homer and the Aeneid by the Roman poet Virgil. I will focus my interest on Book 11 of the Odyssey and Book 6 of the Aeneid, since that is when both of the main characters make an educational visit to the underworld. The description of the underworld created by Homers wild imagination, inspired Virgil eight centuries later. Virgils masterpiece was plannedRead MoreThe Aeneid and The Odyssey1324 Words   |  6 PagesAre there similarities between Homers The Odyssey and Virgils The Aeneid? There are many similarities that could be examined indepth. The lovers encountered in both plays can lead to the idea of ancient plagarism. The games held by the greeks and trojans are similar to the Olympic Games. The downfall of characters, cities or monsters can be seen often in many stories. Maybe rewriting history is the effort of a plagarist to cheat true historical events. The lovers Aeneas and Odysseus encounter

Laughter Workshop free essay sample

Laughter and jokes can be explained differently towards anyone. Some people may say that laughter isn’t just caused by jokes and that jokes are not important for laughter. In Tickling the Naked Ape: The Science of Laughter, by Jimmy Carr and Lucy Greeves they quoted, â€Å"Why do Human Beings tell jokes? To make each other laugh. † (37) There are many dimensions to laughing and joking that can also have effects on people that connect with the joke. The argument for laughter and why people tell jokes cannot be solved because there are different views of what is funny or not. Furthermore, laughter and joking can explain understanding and can create an impact when perceived correctly. Laughter has always been around even before humans could speak. Human and apes share similar characteristics, when someone tickles a human baby or baby chimp they expressed their emotions through laughter. Some may argue that laughing is not a hard concept to learn. We will write a custom essay sample on Laughter Workshop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the article Researcher Roger Fouts claimed that one of his subjects, a chimpanzee name Washoe, once urinated down his neck while riding on his shoulders, then made the sign for funny(38). Although this statement may seem that apes may also understand humor but what apes differ from humans is human intellect towards jokes. The ape may found humor to that situation but a practical joke is different from a joke with concept that needs verbal communication and intellect. An ape cannot tell a joke that has riddles or a story to it but a human can. The article states that laughter is a release of tension (36). To some critics they may not agree with this theory. They may argue that laughing cant create an effect that will change a person physically. To some people it may not have an effect but the text talks about some physical benefits that laughter can create. The article states a recent study by Professor Robert Dunbar found laughter raised peoples pain thresholds. Another study claimed that people who laugh more have healthier immune systems. A third experiment appeared to show that the increase in heart rate produced by a good laugh had health benefits equivalent to fifteen minutes on an exercise bike (42). These studies may not have the answers for cures but laughing to help you think of something positive and get someones ind off pain or try and help the body become healthier is good medicine. Although, laughing can release some tension and create positive effects so can joking. If a person is down and not in a good mood a friend wants to try and do their best to turn that negative emotion into a positive one maybe by joking around. Critics may believe differently, some may think that if a person is depressed that they w ill not want to laugh and they will just stay in a negative state. Anthropologist Terrance Deancon stated that laughter is not just an expression of emotion. It is a pubic symptom of engaging in a kind of mental conflict resolution. (44) The article also goes on and talks about a laughter workshop that helps people with anxiety and depression. When first starting off at the meeting some people cannot get themselves to attend because of their symptoms, but gradually continue with the program. This program helps patients become more at ease and teaches them that joking can help release anxiety and help become positive. Patients can use what the laughter workshop has taught them and use it in the outside world. Joking is not just about making someone laugh but it can give encouragement to someone that is not used to it. In conclusion, although there are many ways laughter and joking around can be expressed. From sharing the same characteristics with an ape through tickling a baby ape and a human baby to see them laugh and understanding the effects that laughing and joking can have on someone. Some may not agree but these reasons answer the question why human beings tells jokes. Works Cited Carr, Jimmy and Greeves, Lucy. Tickling the Naked Ape: The Science of Laughter. Laughing Matters. Ed. Marvin Diogenes. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2009. p. 37-49. Print.